Pseudo-cleft sentences
05/04/14 by Unknown in

Nah ini adalah poin2 yg harus diingat yg membedakan pseudo-cleft sentences dgn postingan sebelumnya ttg cleft sentences:

  • Kalo fokus kalimat dlm cleft sentences ada di depan, fokus kalimat dlm pseudo-cleft sentences ada di belakang.
  • Kalimat pseudo-cleft sentences bersubjekan WH-clause, tapiii..ada restriction-nya juga, ntr ya liat di contoh langsung.
  • Complement dalam pseudo-cleft sentences adalah an infinitive clause (boleh dengan to, boleh enggak). Nah ada pengecualiannya jg. Kalo kalimatnya bentuk progressive, maka complement-nya jg dlm bentuk –ing clause (note be going to) 
Examples: 
 1.      I always need a little refreshment after I have an exam.
-          Fokus: a little refreshment = What do I always need after I have an exam?
-          Knp aku buat pertanyaan? Ini untuk mempermudah membuat pseudo-cleft sentence-nya. Sesuai dengan pertanyaannya yg diawali dgn ‘what’, maka subjeknya nanti jg pake ‘what’.
-          Tense: present tense; maka nanti to be untuk menghubungkan kalimat jg present.
ð  What I always need after I have an exam is a little refreshment.

2.      My friend bought a pan of pizza to celebrate her birthday.
-          Fokus: a pan of pizza = What did my friend buy to celebrate her birthday?
            -          Tense: past tense
ð  What my friend bought to celebrate her birthday was a pan of pizza.

3.      My friend bought a pan of pizza to celebrate her birthday.
-          Fokus: bought a pan of pizza = What did my friend do to celebrate her birthday?
-          Tense: past tense
ð  What my friend did to celebrate her birthday was (to) buy a pan of pizza.
-          Nah..ini lho yang kita bicarakan ttg poin2 yg harus diingat untuk pseudo-celft sentences. Kalo fokusnya mengenai kata kerja alias verb, maka bentuknya adalah infinitive (V1), sedangkan ‘to’ nya optional, suka2 kalianlah mau dipake ato enggak. Dua2nya benar =D

4.      My friend bought a pan of pizza to celebrate her birthday.
-          Fokus: my friend = Who bought a pan of pizza to celebrate her birthday?
-          Tense: past tense
ð  Who bought a pan of pizza to celebrate her birthday was my friend. (?????)
-          Nah ini juga poin yg harus diingat dr pseudo-cleft sentences. Di poin no 2 tadi disebutkan kalo subjek untuk pseudo-cleft sentence adalah WH-clause, tp yg perlu diingat di sini adlh ada restriction-nya. Kalo kita amat2i sebenarnya yg WH-clause yg bisa mentah2 dipake utk subjek adalah ‘what-clause’, yg lainnya perlu sedikit modifikasi *anggap saja begitu* =D
-          Membuat pertanyaan utk pseudo-cleft sentence itu sbnrnya cmn utk memberi gambaran utk membuat subjek. Skrg kita pny ‘who’, berarti kita modifikasi sdkt spy subjeknya ttp berintikan ‘who’ tp ga mentah2 pake ‘who’. Bisa kita tambah dgn ‘the person’, sooooo:
ð  The person who bought a pan of pizza to celebrate her birthday was my friend. ^^

5.      My friend bought a pan of pizza to celebrate her birthday.
-          Fokus: to celebrate her birthday = Why did my friend buy a pan of pizza?
-          Tense: past tense
-          ‘Why’ juga butuh editing sodara2. Karena ‘why’ menunjukkan alasan, maka bagaimana kl kita edit jd begini: ‘the reason why’? =D Sooo:
ð  The reason why my friend bought a pan of pizza was to celebrate her birthday.

6.      He is dating with his ex-girlfriend.
-          Fokus: dating with his ex-girlfriend = What is he doing?
-         Tense: present progressive; ingat poin2 pseudo-cleft sentence lg. Kalimatnya present, maka to be yg dipake jg present. Daaaaan….dia progressive, maka complement-nya jg progressive. So:
ð  What he is doing is dating with his ex-girlfriend.

7.      He is going to go to Jogja to give a surprise to his girlfriend’s birthday this Thursday. =*)
-          Fokus: go to Jogja to give a surprise to his girlfriend’s birthday = What is he going to do this Thursday?
-          Tense: simple future; ini jg poin penting, bandingkan dengan kalimat no 6, walopun sama2 ada –ing nya, tp be going to bukan progressive sodara2, dia itu future, temannya willy (baca: will) =D Sooo:
ð  What he is going to do this Thursday is (to) go to Jogja to give a surprise to his girlfriend’s birthday.

8.      He is going to go to Jogja to give a surprise to his girlfriend’s birthday this Thursday.
-          Fokus: this Thursday = When is he going to go to Jogja to give a surprise to his girlfriend’s birthday?
-          Tense: simple future
-          ‘When’ jg harus dimodif. Mudah saja karena dia menunjukkan keterangan waktu, pakai aja ‘the time when’, ato karena dia uda spesifik menyebutkan hari, bisa jg pake ‘the day when’…intinya: be creative! =D So:
ð  The day when he is going to go to Jogja to give a surprise to his girlfriend’s birthday is this Thursday.

9.      I met my ex-boyfriend at the station last week.
-          Fokus: at the station = Where did you meet your ex-boyfriend last week?
            -       Tense: past tense
-          ‘Where’ jg perlu modif lhoo =D Karena menunjukkan tempat, pake ‘the place where’ jg beres =D
ð  The place where I met my ex-boyfriend last week was at the station.

10.   I ate a bar of chocolate and a piece of cake this morning.  

-          Fokus: a bar of chocolate and a piece of cake = What did you eat this morning?
-          Tense: past tense
ð  What I only ate this morning were a bar of chocolate and a piece of cake.


NOTE: berbeda dengan cleft sentence yg ‘to be’ penghubung kedua clause hny is/was, untuk pseudo-cleft, ‘to be’ mengikuti fokusnya. Kalo fokusnya jamak, ya ‘to be’ nya jamak. Contoh no 10.

Cleft Sentences
03/04/14 by Unknown in

Mari kita memulai dengan “Apa sih cleft sentences itu? Dipake buat apa?”

Dari browsing2, aku nemu link yang menurutku tepat untuk mendefinisikan cleft sentences and bahasanya easily understandable =D Sooo…
According to Roger Woodham in http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv149.shtml (diakses tanggal 3 April 2014) ini lho cleft sentence:
  •  Cleft sentences itu dipake di saat kita ingin fokus dan menekankan bagian-bagian tertentu dalam kalimat.
  •  Cleft sentences punya 2 bagian yang berhubungan. Itulah sebabnya dinamakan cleft sentences, because the word ‘cleft’ comes from the verb ‘cleave’ yg artinya separated into two. =) Yang pertama ‘it clause’, yang kedua ‘adj/noun clause’. Fokusnya diletakkan setelah ‘it clause’ dengan be verb (is/was), sesuai dengan konteks kalimat.
  • Cleft sentences sangat berguna untuk writing..kenapa? Kembali ke poin pertama, karena ketika menulis kita tidak bisa menggunakan intonasi untuk menekankan bagian-bagian tertentu yang pengen kita fokuskan, maka penggunaaan cleft sentences ini menggantikan intonasi itu. *Jangan lupa pakai ini saat skripsi!* =D


And…this is the formula: It+be+FOCUS+adj/noun clause



Mari masuk ke contoh dengan macam2 fokus yg berbeda:

1)      Focus on the subject (S)
a.       My fiancé proposed me at the park under the sparkling light last night. =D
      S
Ini cara kita ubah kalimat ke cleft sentences:
Pertama, tentukan fokusnya. In this case, my fiancé = subject. Rebes? Lanjut ke yang kedua: analisa kalimat ini termasuk tense apa, itu menentukan to be-nya, apa kita mau pake is/was. In this case, proposed = past tense, berarti it clause-nya diikuti ‘was’. Ketiga, masukkan kata2 sisa dari kalimat di belakang it clause dengan urutan yg sama dgn kalimat awal, jangan lupa dia ada dalam bentuk adj/noun clause. =D
Jadiiii:
ð  It was my fiancé who/that proposed me at the park under the sparkling light last night.

b.      My boyfriend studies English to prepare himself to take music major in America. =*)
        S
Tense: present tense
ð  It is my boyfriend who/that studies English to prepare himself to take music major in America.

2)      Focus on the direct object (Od)
a.       He brought a bucket of red roses for me last night. *asiiik*
                                       Od
Tense: past tense
ð  It was a bucket of red roses that he brought for me last night.

b.      My boyfriend studies English to prepare himself to take music major in America.
                                       Od
Tense: present tense
ð  It is English that my boyfriend studies to prepare himself to take music major in America.

3)      Focus on the adverbial time (Atime)
a.       My fiancé proposed me at the park under the sparkling light last night.
                                                                                              Atime
Tense: past tense
ð  It was last night that my fiancé proposed me at the park under the sparkling light.

b.      She comes to study English at my boarding house every Wednesday. 
                                                                                           Atime
Tense: present tense
ð  It is every Wednesday that she comes to study English at my boarding house.

4)      Focus on the adverbial position (A position)
a.       My fiancé proposed me at the park under the sparkling light last night.
                                                       Aposition
Tense: past tense
ð  It was at the park under the sparkling light that my fiancé proposed me last night.
ð  It was the park under the sparkling light that my fiancé proposed me last night. (informal)

b.      She comes to study English at my boarding house every Wednesday.
                                                     Aposition
Tense: present tense
ð  It is at my boarding house that she comes to study English every Wednesday.
ð  It is my boarding house that she comes to study English every Wednesday. (informal)

5)      Focus on the indirect object (Oi)
a.       He brought me a bucket of red roses last night.
                   Oi
Tense: past tense
Untuk kalimat dengan fokus indirect object (Oi) kita harus ekstra hati2, karena kita tidak bisa sembarangan taruh object pronouns (in this case: me) begitu saja.
Ini contoh cleft sentence yang SALAH:
ð  It was me that he brought a bucket of red roses last night.
Itu adalah contoh yang salah..lantas bagaimana? Ada beberapa kemungkinan.
1.      Ubah kalimatnya dengan tambahan kata ‘to’ dulu. Untuk yang ini ada 2 optional.
2.      Ubah object pronouns (in this case: me) dengan subject pronouns (in this case becomes I). Jadiii:
He brought a bucket of red roses to me last night.
ð  It was to me that he brought a bucket of red roses last night.
ð  It was me that he brought a bucket of red roses last night to.
ð  It was I that he brought a bucket of red roses last night.

b.      The movie teaches us how to be patient and fight for someone we love. ^^
                               Oi
Tense: past tense
The movie teaches how to be patient and fight for someone we love to us.
ð  It is to us that the movie teaches how to be patient and fight for someone we love.
ð  It is us that the movie teaches how to be patient and fight for someone we love to.
ð  It is we that the movie teaches how to be patient and fight for someone we love.     

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